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The Finnish Language: When Translation Changes the Meaning of the Question
A translation can be accurate, natural, and fully approved, and still change how a clinical outcome assessment works. Using Finnish as a case study, we explore how language structure can influence interpretation, response behaviour, and data quality in multinational trials.
Cultural Difference: The Interpretive Lens of Language and Behaviour
The greater the geographic distance between two countries, the greater their cultural differences. The greater the cultural differences, the higher the risk of misinterpretation of language and behaviour. Cultural distance governs the complexity of linguistic adaptation of materials destined to be used in other countries.
Ancient Egyptian Language and the Logic of its Hieroglyphs
Ancient Egyptian is usually introduced as a language of tombs, temples, and mysterious symbols. Behind its pictorial beauty lies an intellectually sophisticated system that combined sound, meaning, and visual design within one of the most powerful writing traditions of the ancient world.
One Version or More? When to Ask for a Harmonized Translation
Not every set of “related” languages can be harmonized. Harmonization only makes sense under certain conditions, and it should never be simply a shortcut for reducing translation costs. Understanding when harmonization makes sense will help you make better operational decisions for your high-stakes projects.
Instrumenting meaningful outcomes.
